TY  - BOOK
AU  - Freeman, Marsha et al (eds)
AU  - Freeman,Marsha A.
AU  - Chinkin,C.M.
AU  - Rudolf,Beate
TI  - UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women : a commentary : a commentary 
T2  - Oxford commentaries on international law
SN  - 9780199682249
AV  - K3243 .U53 
U1  - 323.34 23
PY  - 2012///
CY  - Oxford
PB  - Oxford university Press
KW  - United Nations
KW  - Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
KW  - fast
KW  - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
KW  - (1979 December 18)
KW  - Protocols, etc
KW  - (1999 December 10)
KW  - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979 December 18)
KW  - Women's rights
KW  - Discrimination à l'égard des femmes
KW  - Droit
KW  - Femmes
KW  - Droit international
KW  - Droits
KW  - Discrimination sexuelle
KW  - Sexisme.
N1  - Originally published: 2012; Includes bibliographical references and index; Machine generated contents note; A; Introduction --; B; Towards a Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women --; I; The League of Nations --; II; The UN Charter --; III; The Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 1967 --; IV; The UN Decade for Women 1975-1985 and the Decade World Conferences --; V; Adoption of the Convention, 1979 --; C; Structure of the Convention --; I; Preamble --; II; Articles 1 to 5 --; III; Articles 6 to 16 --; IV; Articles 17 to 22 --; V; Articles 23 to 30 --; VI; The Optional Protocol --; D; Issues of Definition and Interpretation --; I; The Committee as Interpretive Body --; II; Definitions --; 1; Woman --; 2; Gender --; 3; Domestic Implementation --; III; Core Concepts --; 1; The Equality Model --; 2; Equality and Equity --; IV; Women's Multiple Identities --; V; Respect, Protect, Fulfil --; E; Interpretive Processes and Mechanisms --; I; General Recommendations --; II; Concluding Observations --; III; Individual Communications and Inquiry --; IV; Suggestions, Decisions, and Statements --; V; Status of Interpretive Mechanisms as Sources of International Law --; VI; Contributions by NGOs --; F; Interpreting and Applying Convention Norms: Substantive and Contextual Issues --; I; The Convention as a Human Rights Instrument --; II; Relationship to Other International Instruments --; III; The Convention, Non-derogability, and Customary International Law --; IV; Integrating Gender Perspectives into the Human Rights Work of the United Nations --; V; Challenges Based on Religion and Culture --; VI; The Challenges of Globalization --; G; The Convention in the Twenty-first Century --; Preamble --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Priparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Structure of the Preamble --; II; Contents of the Preamble Paragraphs --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; I; Background --; II; Concepts of Equality and Discrimination --; 1; Formal Equality --; 2; Substantive Equality --; 3; Transformative Equality --; 4; Equality of Opportunity --; 5; Equality of Result or Equality of Outcome --; III; Comparison with Corresponding Articles in Other Human Rights Instruments --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Analysis of the Text --; 1; Any Distinction, Exclusion or Restriction Made on the Basis of [Sex]' --; 2; `Sex, Gender and Sexuality' --; 3; `Which has the Effect or Purpose of' --; 4; `Impairing or Nullifying the Recognition, Enjoyment or Exercise by Women' --; 5; `Irrespective of Their Marital Status' --; 6; `On a Basis of Equality of Men and Women' --; 7; `Of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the Political, Economic, Social, Cultural, Civil or any Other Field' --; II; Interpretation by the Committee --; 1; General Approach --; 2; Sex and Gender --; 3; Sexuality/Sexual Orientation --; 4; Concepts of Equality --; a); Formal and Substantive Equality --; b); De Jure and De Facto Equality --; c); Direct and Indirect Discrimination --; d); Equality of Opportunity/Equality of Outcome or Result --; e); Equality and Equity --; 5; Relationship between Article 1 and Article 4 --; 6; Rights and Freedoms to Which the Convention Applies --; a); Broader Application: Violence against Women --; 7; Intersectionality --; D; Reservations --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Chapeau --; 1; `States Parties Condemn Discrimination against Women in all its Forms' --; 2; `Agree to Pursue by all Appropriate Means and Without Delay a Policy of Eliminating Discrimination against Women' --; 3; `All Appropriate Means'/'(All) Appropriate Measures' --; 4; `And, to this End, Undertake' --; II; Article 2(a) --; 1; Direct Incorporation of the Convention into Domestic Law --; 2; And to Ensure, Through Law and Other Appropriate Means, the Practical Realization of this Principle' --; III; Article 2(b) --; IV; Article 2(c) --; V; Article 2(d) --; VI; Article 2(e) --; VII; Article 2(f) --; VIII; Article 2(g) --; D; Other Issues of Application --; I; Federal States/States with Decentralized or Devolved Governance Arrangements --; II; Territorial Application of the Convention --; III; Extraterritorial Application of the Convention --; IV; Conduct of States Parties as Participants in International Organizations --; V; Ratification of Other Instruments --; E; Reservations --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; `States Parties Shall Take in All Fields' --; II; `In Particular in Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Fields' --; III; All Appropriate Measures' --; IV; `Including Legislation' --; V; To Ensure the Full Development and Advancement of Women' --; VI; `For the Purpose of Guaranteeing them the Exercise and Enjoyment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms' --; VII; `On a Basis of Equality with Men' --; D; Equality in Context --; I; Formal, Substantive, and Transformative Equality --; E; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Implementation: Respect, Protect, Promote and Fulfil --; 1; Obligation to Respect --; 2; Obligation to Protect --; 3; Obligation to Promote and Fulfil --; F; Conclusions --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; I; Background --; II; Conceptual Framework of Article 4 --; 1; Special Measures are Integral to De Facto Equality --; 2; Protecting Maternity is Integral to Development and Sustainability --; 3; `Special' --; 4; Mandatory Nature --; 5; Financing of Special Measures --; 6; Time Scale --; III; Comparison to Corresponding Articles in Other Human Rights Instruments --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation-Article 4(1) --; I; Promotional Equality --; 1; Accelerating De Facto Equality --; 2; `Special Measures' --; 3; Special Measures Are Not Discriminatory --; 4; Systemization of TSMs in Different Contexts --; 5; Temporary --; II; Issues of Policy --; 1; Merit --; 2; Target Beneficiaries --; 3; Burden on Third Parties --; III; Areas of Application --; 1; Scope of Promotional Special Measures --; 2; Intersectionality --; D; Issues of Interpretation-Article 4(2) --; I; Maternity --; 1; Procreation-Biological Difference --; 2; Childrearing --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; I; The Place and Function of Article 5 in the Convention --; I; Gender Stereotypes and Fixed Parental Gender Roles --; 2; The Place of Article 5 in the Convention --; 3; Transformative Equality and Structural Discrimination --; 4; The Relationship between Article 5 and Discrimination against Women --; 5; Equality, Dignity, and Diversity --; II; Gender Stereotypes and Fixed Parental Gender Roles --; 1; Ideas about the Inferiority or Superiority of either of the Sexes --; 2; Gender and Gender Stereotypes --; 3; Fixed Parental Gender Roles --; 4; The Persistence of Gender Stereotypes --; 5; Gender Stereotypes and Intersectional Discrimination --; III; The Concept of Culture in the Context of Article 5 --; IV; Related Provisions in Other Human Rights Documents --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; I; The Basis for the Article --; II; Developments during the Drafting Process --; C; The Committee's Interpretation of Article 5 --; I; References in Committee Documents --; II; Article 5 in Relation to the Prohibition of Discrimination against Women --; 1; Direct Discrimination --; 2; Indirect Discrimination --; 3; Structural Discrimination --; III; The Committee's Approach to Culture --; 1; The Committee's Response to Cultural Essentialism --; 2; Cultural Practices and Beliefs under the Scope of Article 5 --; a); Traditional Harmful Practices and Beliefs --; b); Machismo --; c); Protective Maternity Laws --; d); Breadwinner Models and Sharing Responsibilities within the Family --; e); Gender Stereotyping in Education and the Media --; 3; Culture and Religion Cannot Justify Discrimination against Women --; D; Issues of Implementation --; I; The Nature of the Obligations under Article 5 --; 1; All Appropriate Measures to Modify Patterns of Conduct and to Ensure Education --; 2; Measures to Modify Stereotyped Representations of Women in Educational Materials, in Advertising, and in the Media --; a); The State Party's Obligation to Change Stereotypes --; b); The State Party's Obligation to Intervene in Public Expressions of Gender Stereotypes --; 3; Measures to Eliminate Structural Discrimination and to Promote the Sharing of Family Responsibilities --; a); Revealing Structural Discrimination --; b); Abolishing and Amending Laws and Policies that Sustain Structural Discrimination --; c); Adopting New Laws and Public Policies --; 4; Temporary Special Measures to Implement Article 5 --; II; The Extent of the Obligations --; 1; Immediate or Gradual Implementation --; 2; Public and Private Life --; 3; Justiciability --; 4; Reservations --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; I; Historical Context and Main Concepts --; II; Role of the Convention --; III; CEDAW Committee Practice --; 1; Concluding Observations --; 2; General Recommendations --; 3; Optional Protocol --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; I; Article 6 Placement and Brevity --; II; Scope of Subject Matter --; 1; All Forms of Traffic' --; 2; `Exploitation of Prostitution' --; 3; Other Harms --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; `All Forms of Traffic' --; II; `Exploitation of Prostitution' --; D; Equality in Context --; I; Formal and Substantive Equality --; II; Transformative Equality --; III; Direct and Indirect Discrimination --; IV; Intersectional Discrimination; Note continued; E; States Parties' Obligation --; I; Nature of the Obligation --; 1; All Appropriate Measures' --; 2; Immediate Implementation --; 3; Specific and Non-specific Obligations --; II; Implementation --; 1; Obligation to Respect --; a); No Prosecution of Trafficked Women for Status Offences --; b); No Routine Detention of Trafficked Women --; c); Respect for Established Rights --; d); Trafficked Women's and Girls' Citizenship and Nationality Rights --; e); Discrimination against Prostitutes --; f); Prompt and Accurate Identification of Trafficked Women --; 2; Obligation to Protect --; a); Criminal Justice Responses to End Impunity --; b); Protection and Support for Victims --; c); Legal Assistance, Protection, and Temporary Residence Permits --; d); Safe and Preferably Voluntary Return and Options for Residency in Appropriate Cases --; e); Safe, Fair, and Equal Labour Migration Opportunities --; f); Special Protective and Punitive Measures in Conflict Contexts --; g); Special Protection for Girl Victims of Trafficking --; 3; Obligation to Fulfil --; a); Access to Remedies --; b); Data Collection --; c); Addressing Demand as a Root Cause of Trafficking --; d); Promoting Trafficking Awareness in All Sectors of Society --; e); Structural Remedies to Address the Causes of Trafficking and Exploitation of Prostitution --; f); Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation --; g); Cooperation with Civil Society in the Design and Implementation of Anti-Trafficking Interventions --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Chapeau --; 1; Political and Public Life of the Country --; II; Article 7(a) --; 1; Political System --; 2; Choice of Electoral System --; III; Article 7(b) --; 1; Government Policy --; 2; Public Office and Public Functions --; 3; Women in the Military --; 4; Privatization --; 5; Women's Access to Traditional Forms of Power --; 6; Women in Post-conflict Reconstruction --; IV; Article 7(c) --; 1; Non-governmental Organizations --; 2; Associations Concerned with Political and Public Life --; 3; Women in Political Parties --; 4; Women in Trade Unions --; 5; Fair Representation on Corporate Boards --; D; Equality in Context --; I; Formal Equality --; II; Substantive Equality --; III; Transformative Equality Including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping --; IV; Direct vs Indirect Discrimination --; V; Intersectional Discrimination --; E; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Nature of the Obligations --; 1; All Appropriate Measures' including the Need for the Application of TSMs --; a); Types of TSMs in Political and Public Life --; 2; Immediate vs Gradual Implementation --; II; Implementation --; 1; Obligation to Respect --; 2; Obligation to Protect --; 3; Obligation to Fulfil --; III; Justiciability --; IV; Reservations --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Opportunity to Represent their Governments at the International Level --; II; Opportunity to Participate in the Work of International Organizations --; III; Specifications of Article 8 in International Organizations --; IV; International Civil Service --; V; Women in Conflict Resolution, Peace-keeping, and Peace-building Missions --; D; Equality in Context --; I; Formal Equality --; II; Substantive Equality --; III; Transformative Equality including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping --; IV; Direct vs Indirect Discrimination --; V; Intersectional Discrimination --; E; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Nature of the Obligations --; 1; All Appropriate Measures' --; 2; Need for the Application of TSMs --; 3; Immediate vs Gradual Implementation --; II; Implementation --; 1; Obligation to Respect --; 2; Obligation to Protect --; 3; Obligation to Fulfil --; III; Justiciability --; IV; Reservations --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Article 9(1) Equality and Non-discrimination in Respect of Women's Nationality --; 1; Eliminating the Concept of Dependent Nationality --; II; Article 9(2) Equality with Respect to the Nationality of Children --; III; The Right to a Passport and Article 9 --; D; Equality in Context --; I; Formal Equality --; II; Substantive Equality --; III; Intersectional Discrimination --; E; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Nature of the Obligations --; II; Implementation --; 1; Obligation to Respect and Protect --; 2; Obligation to Fulfil --; III; Reservations --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; I; Education as a Human Right: International and Regional Perspectives --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; I; Article 10(a) --; II; Article 10(b) --; III; Article 10(c) --; IV; Article 10(f) --; V; Article 10(g) --; VI; Article 10(h) --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Taking All Appropriate Measures --; II; Equality --; 1; Article 10(a) --; 2; Article 10(b) --; 3; Article 10(c) --; a); Encouraging Coeducation --; 4; Article 10(d) --; 5; Article 10(e) --; 6; Article 10(f) --; 7; Article 10(g) --; 8; Article 10(h) --; D; Equality in Context --; I; Formal Equality --; II; Moving Beyond Formal Equality --; III; Substantive Equality --; IV; Transformative Equality --; V; Direct Discrimination --; VI; Indirect Discrimination --; VII; Temporary Special Measures (TSMs) --; VIII; Intersectional Discrimination --; E; States Parties' Obligations --; I; The Nature of State Obligations --; II; Implementation --; 1; Obligation to Respect --; 2; Obligation to Protect --; 3; Obligation to Fulfil --; III; Reservations --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; I; ILO and Other UN Agencies --; II; Beijing Platform for Action --; III; Millennium Development Goals --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; I; Differing Perspectives in Western, Socialist, and Developing Economies --; II; Reproductive Function --; III; Family Responsibilities --; IV; Costs of Maternity Protections and Social Services --; V; Pensionable Age and Part-time Work --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Concepts --; II; Article 11(1) --; III; Article 11(1)(a) --; 1; Inalienability and Cultural Restrictions on Women's Right to Work --; 2; Realization of Full Employment --; 3; Availability and Accessibility of Decent Work --; IV; Article 11(1)(b) --; 1; Employment Opportunities --; 2; Selection for Employment --; V; Article 11(1)(c) --; 1; Free Choice of Profession and Employment --; 2; Equal Treatment in Employment Conditions --; 3; Sexual Harassment --; 4; Vocational Training, Retraining, and Recurrent Training --; 5; Part-time Work --; VI; Article 11(1)(d) --; VII; Article 11(1)(e) --; 1; Coverage of Social Security Schemes --; 2; Retirement --; 3; Paid Leave --; VIII; Article 11(1)(f) --; 1; Safe and Healthy Working Conditions --; 2; Safeguarding of the Function of Reproduction --; 3; Sexual Violence in the Work Environment --; IX; Article 11(2) --; X; Article 11(2)(a) --; 1; Prohibition of Dismissal --; 2; Discrimination in Conditions of Employment and in Acceptance to Employment --; XI; Article 11(2)(b) --; 1; Right to Leave --; 2; With Pay or Comparable Social Benefits --; 3; Protection of Employment Status --; XII; Article 11(2)(c) --; 1; Affordable and Accessible Child Care Facilities --; 2; Encourage or Provide --; XIII; Article 11(2)(d) --; XIV; Article 11(3) --; D; Equality in Context --; I; Formal and Substantive Equality --; II; Direct and Indirect Discrimination --; III; Elimination of Structural Discrimination Including Gender Stereotyping --; IV; Transformative Equality --; V; Intersectional Discrimination --; E; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Nature of the Prohibition of Discrimination --; 1; All Appropriate Measures', Including the Need for Application of TSMs --; 2; Immediate or Gradual Implementation --; II; Implementation --; III; Reservations --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Health and its Sex and Gender Dimensions --; II; The Field of Health Care --; III; Access to Health Care Services --; IV; Reproductive and Sexual Health Services --; D; Equality in Context --; I; Formal Equality --; II; Substantive Equality --; III; Transformative Equality --; IV; Direct vs Indirect Discrimination --; V; Intersectional Discrimination --; VI; Temporary Special Measures (TSMs) --; E; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Nature of the obligations --; 1; All Appropriate Measures' --; 2; Immediate vs Gradual Implementation --; 3; Specific/Non-specific --; II; Implementation --; 1; Obligation to Respect --; 2; Obligation to Protect --; 3; Obligation to Fulfil --; III; Reservations --; F; Conclusion --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Chapeau --; 1; `To Eliminate Discrimination' ... in Order to Ensure ... the Same Rights' --; 2; `In Other Areas of Economic and Social Life' --; a); Economic and Social Rights not Protected by other CEDAW Provisions --; b); Civil and Political Rights Necessary for Participating in Economic and Social Life 340 --; c); Access to Resources and Opportunities in Social and Economic Life --; d); Conclusion: Scope of Application of the Chapeau --; aa) Right to Self-employed Economic Activities --; bb) Right to Food --; cc) Right to Adequate Housing --; dd) Right to an Adequate Standard of Living --; ee) Right to Water --; if) Right to Sanitation; Note continued; gg) Tax Laws --; hh) Right to Participate in Social Life --; ii) Right to Communication in Economic and Social Life' --; II; Article 13(a): The Equal Right to Family Benefits --; 1; Concepts --; 2; Equality in Context --; III; Article 13(b): The Equal Right to Bank Loans, Mortgages, and Other Forms of Financial Credit --; 1; Concepts --; 2; Equality in Context --; IV; Article 13(c): The Equal Right to Participate in Recreational Activities, Sports, and all Aspects of Cultural Life --; 1; Concepts --; 2; Equality in Context --; D; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Nature of the Obligation --; II; Implementation -- Respect, Protect, and Fulfil --; III; Reservations --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; I; Who is a Rural Woman? --; II; Rural Women: From Development to Rights --; III; Rural Women within UN Structures --; B; Travaux Priparatoires --; I; Other Issues Discussed and Amendments Made --; 1; Coverage --; 2; Equality --; 3; Health and Family Planning --; 4; Education --; 5; Self-help Groups and Cooperatives --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Article, 14(1) --; 1; Significant Roles Which Rural Women Play in the Economic Survival of their Families --; II; Article 14(2) --; 1; Participation --; 2; Article 14(2)(a) --; 3; Article 14(2)(b) --; 4; Accessing Information --; 5; Article 14(2)(c) --; 6; Article 14(2)(d) --; 7; Article 14(2)(e) --; 8; Article 14(2)(f) --; 9; Article 14(2)(g) --; a); Appropriate Technology --; b); Equal Treatment in Land --; c); Land Reform and Resettlement --; 10; Article 14(2)(h) --; a); Housing --; b); Water --; c); Electricity, Communication, and Transport --; D; Equality in Context --; I; Formal Equality --; II; Substantive Equality --; III; Transformative Equality --; IV; Direct Discrimination --; V; Indirect Discrimination --; VI; Intersectionality --; VII; Temporary Special Measures (TSMs) --; E; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Obligation to Respect --; II; Obligation to Protect --; III; Obligation to Fulfil --; F; Reservations --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; I; Article 15(1) --; II; Article 15(2) --; III; Article 15(3) --; IV; Article 15(4) --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Article 15(1) --; 1; Equality and Administration of Criminal Justice --; II; Article 15(2) --; 1; Identical Legal Capacity --; 2; Equality in Contractual and Property Transactions --; 3; Equality in Access to Procedures in Civil Courts and Tribunals --; III; Article 15(3) --; IV; Article 15(4) --; D; Equality in Context --; I; Formal Equality --; II; Substantive Equality --; III; Transformative Equality Including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping --; IV; Intersectional Discrimination --; E; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Nature of the obligation --; II; Implementation --; III; Reservations --; F; Conclusion --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; I; Preliminary History --; II; Travaux Preparatoires --; III; General Recommendation 21 --; B; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Chapeau --; 1; All Appropriate Measures... and in Particular' --; 2; The `Same Rights and Responsibilities' --; 3; `Marriage and Family Relations' --; 4; De Facto Relationships --; 5; Unregistered Marriages as De Facto Unions --; 6; 7; Equality in the Family and Multiple Legal Systems --; II; Article 16(1) --; 1; Article 16(1)(a) The Same Right to Enter into Marriage --; 2; Article 16(1)(b) The Same Right Freely to Choose a Spouse and to Enter into Marriage only with their Free and Full Consent --; a); Arranged Marriage and Forced Marriage --; 3; Article 16(1)(c) The Same Rights and Responsibilities During Marriage and at its Dissolution --; a); During Marriage --; b); Dissolution of Marriage --; aa) Grounds for Divorce --; bb) Process and Procedure --; 4; Article 16(1)(d) The Same Rights and Responsibilities as Parents, Irrespective of their Marital Status, in Matters Relating to their Children; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount --; a); Child Custody in Divorce: In all Such Cases, the Interest of the Children Shall Be Paramount --; b); Children Born Out of Wedlock --; 5; Article 16(1)(e) The Same Rights to Decide Freely and --; Responsibly on the Number and Spacing of their Children and to Have Access to the Information, Education, and Means to Enable them to Exercise these Rights --; 6; Article 16(1)(f) The Same Rights and Responsibilities --; With Regard to Guardianship, Wardship, Trusteeship, and Adoption of Children, or Similar Institutions Where these Concepts Exist in National Legislation; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount --; 7; Article 16(1)(g) The Same Personal Rights as Husband and Wife, Including the Right to Choose a Family Name, a Profession, and an Occupation --; a); Right to Choose a Family Name --; b); Right to Choose a Profession and an Occupation --; 8; Article 16(1)(h) The Same Rights for Both Spouses in Respect of the Ownership, Acquisition, Management, Administration, Enjoyment, and Disposition of Property, Whether Free of Charge or for a Valuable Consideration --; a); Acquisition and Ownership, Management, and Administration During the Marriage --; b); Division of Property upon Dissolution of Marriage or De Facto Relationship --; c); Inheritance --; III; Article 16(2) --; 1; Definition: `a Child' --; 2; Betrothal and Marriage of a Child --; 3; Shall Have No Legal Effect --; 4; Minimum Age for Marriage --; 5; Marriage Registration --; IV; Equality in Context --; 1; Formal Equality --; 2; Substantive and Transformative Equality --; C; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Implementation --; 1; Obligation to Respect --; 2; Obligation to Protect --; 3; Obligation to Fulfil --; II; Reservations --; 1; Withdrawal of Reservations --; 2; Reservations and the Optional Protocol --; Violence Against Women --; A; Introduction --; B; General Recommendation 19 --; 1; Background to General Recommendation 19 --; II; General Recommendation 19 --; III; Subsequent International Instruments --; C; Violence against Women: Interpretive Issues --; I; Violence against Women within an Equality Paradigm --; II; Definition of Gender-based Violence against Women --; D; Gender-Based Violence against Women: Sites and Forms --; I; Introduction --; II; Violence in the Family --; III; Violence Occurring in the Community --; 1; Physical Violence in the Community --; 2; Exploitation --; 3; Harmful Practices --; 4; Workplace Violence --; IV; Violence Condoned or Perpetrated by the State --; V; Violence in Armed Conflict --; E; Violence against Women: Equality in Context --; I; Formal, Substantive, and Transformative Equality --; II; Intersectional Discrimination --; F; States Parties' Obligations --; I; Nature of States Parties' Obligations --; 1; Appropriate and Effective Measures --; 2; Duty of Due Diligence --; 3; The Standard of Due Diligence --; II; Implementation of States Parties' Obligations --; 1; Obligation to Respect --; 2; Obligation to Protect --; 3; Obligation to Promote and Fulfil --; G; Conclusions --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Prdparatoires --; C; Internal Organization and Engagement with Other Entities --; I; Subsidiary Bodies --; II; Interaction with Other Entities in the UN System --; III; The Committee and Treaty Body Reform --; D; Committee Practice --; I; Article 17(1) --; II; Article 17(2) --; III; Practice and Developments relating to Article 17(3) and (4) --; IV; Article 17(5) --; V; Article 17(6) and 17(7) --; VI; Article 17(8) --; VII; Article 17(9) --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Committee Practice --; I; The Obligation to Submit Country Reports --; 1; Encouraging the Submission of Reports -- Avoiding Duplication in Reporting --; 2; Allowing Combined Reports --; 3; Persuading States Parties to Submit Reports --; II; Reporting Requirements --; 1; Form and Contents of Reports --; 2; NGOs and their Involvement in the Preparation of States Parties' Reports --; III; The Committee's Role --; 1; Preparing for the Dialogue with States Parties --; 2; The Constructive Dialogue --; IV; Periodic Reporting Requirements and Committee Review --; 1; Concluding Observations --; 2; Format of the Concluding Observations --; 3; Procedure for Adopting Concluding Observations --; 4; Follow-up to Concluding Observations --; V; The Role of Other Entities --; 1; Information from National Human Rights Institutions --; 2; Information from Non-Governmental Organizations --; 3; Role of the Secretariat --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Committee Practice --; I; Article 19(1) --; II; Article 19(2) --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Committee Practice --; I; `The Committee shall normally meet for a period of not more than two weeks annually...' --; II; ... in order to consider the reports submitted in accordance with article 18 of the present Convention --; III; `The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee' --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Committee Practice --; I; Article 21(1) --; I; Assessing States Parties' Reports --; 2; General Recommendations --; 3; Statements --; II; Article 21(2) --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Committee Practice --; Article ([0-9]+); Note continued; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Priparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Nothing in the Present Convention Shall Affect Any --; Provisions that Are More Conducive to the Achievement of Equality Between Men and Women Which May Be Contained --; 1; (a) In the Legislation of a State Party; or --; 2; (b) In Any Other International Convention, Treaty or Agreement in Force for that State --; II; Other International Law --; D; Interpretation by the Committee -- General Approach --; E; Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Undertake to Adopt --; II; All Necessary Measures --; III; At the National Level --; IV; Aimed at Achieving the Full Realization --; V; Of the Rights Recognized in the Present Convention --; D; Interpretation by the Committee -- General Approach --; I; Parliaments/Legislatures --; II; National Human Rights Institutions --; E; Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Practice of States Parties --; D; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Article 25(1) --; 1; Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories; Former Colonies --; a); United Kingdom --; b); The Netherlands --; c); New Zealand --; d); Hong Kong --; 2; De Facto Regimes, Non-State Subjects of International Law, and Municipalities --; a); De Facto Regimes, Including Taiwan --; b); Holy See --; c); Sao Paulo State, Brazil --; d); San Francisco, California, USA --; II; Article 25(2) --; III; Article 25(3) --; IV; Article 25(4) --; V; Absence of a Withdrawal Clause --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Prearatoires --; C; Practice of States Parties --; D; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Article 26(1) --; II; Article 26(2) --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Priparatoires --; C; Practice of States Parties --; D; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Article 27(1) --; II; Article 27(2) --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Reservations to the Convention --; I; General reservations --; II; Articles 1 to 5 --; III; Articles 7-9 --; IV; Articles 11-14 --; V; Articles 15-16 --; D; Activity to Address Reservations to the Convention --; I; Objections by States Parties --; II; Meeting of States Parties --; III; The Work of the Committee --; E; Removal and Modification of Reservations --; F; Conclusion --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Preparatoires --; C; Practice of States Parties --; D; Issues of Interpretation --; I; Article 29(1) --; II; Article 29(2) --; III; Article 29(3) --; Article ([0-9]+) --; A; Introduction --; B; Travaux Priparatoires --; C; Practice of the Secretary-General --; D; Issues of Interpretation --; Optional Protocol --; A; Introduction --; B; Background --; I; Negotiations of the Convention --; II; The Campaign for Further Monitoring Procedures --; III; The Drafting Process in the CSW --; IV; The Work of the Committee under the Optional Protocol --; C; Commentary --; I; The Preamble --; II; Article 1 --; III; Article 2 --; 1; Individuals or Groups of Individuals --; 2; Victims of a Violation --; 3; Under the Jurisdiction of the State Party --; 4; The Rights Set Forth in the Convention --; IV; Article 3 --; V; Article 4 --; 1; All Available Domestic Remedies Have Been Exhausted --; Unless the Application of Such Remedies is Unreasonably Prolonged or Unlikely to Bring Effective Relief --; 2; The Same Matter --; 3; Incompatible --; 4; Manifestly Ill-founded or Not Sufficiently Substantiated --; 5; Abuse of the Right to Submit a Communication --; 6; The Facts... Occurred Prior to the Entry into Force of the Protocol for the State Party Concerned, Unless those Facts Continued after that Date --; VI; Article 5 --; VII; Article 6 --; VIII; Article 7 --; 1; Consideration of Communications and its Outcome --; 2; Follow-up Procedure --; IX; Article 8 --; X; Article 9 --; XI; Article 10 --; XII; Article 11 --; XIII; Article 12 --; XIV; Article 13 --; XV; Article 14 --; XVI; Article 15 --; XVII; Article 16 --; XVIII; Article 17 --; XIX; Article 18 --; XX; Article 19 --; XXI; Article 20 --; XXII; Article 21 --; Annexe 1; Table of General Recommendations --; Annexe 2; Table of Treaties --; Annexe 3; Bibliography
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