Originally published: 2012.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Machine generated contents note: A. Introduction -- B. Towards a Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women -- I. The League of Nations -- II. The UN Charter -- III. The Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 1967 -- IV. The UN Decade for Women 1975-1985 and the Decade World Conferences -- V. Adoption of the Convention, 1979 -- C. Structure of the Convention -- I. Preamble -- II. Articles 1 to 5 -- III. Articles 6 to 16 -- IV. Articles 17 to 22 -- V. Articles 23 to 30 -- VI. The Optional Protocol -- D. Issues of Definition and Interpretation -- I. The Committee as Interpretive Body -- II. Definitions -- 1. Woman -- 2. Gender -- 3. Domestic Implementation -- III. Core Concepts -- 1. The Equality Model -- 2. Equality and Equity -- IV. Women's Multiple Identities -- V. Respect, Protect, Fulfil -- E. Interpretive Processes and Mechanisms -- I. General Recommendations -- II. Concluding Observations -- III. Individual Communications and Inquiry -- IV. Suggestions, Decisions, and Statements -- V. Status of Interpretive Mechanisms as Sources of International Law -- VI. Contributions by NGOs -- F. Interpreting and Applying Convention Norms: Substantive and Contextual Issues -- I. The Convention as a Human Rights Instrument -- II. Relationship to Other International Instruments -- III. The Convention, Non-derogability, and Customary International Law -- IV. Integrating Gender Perspectives into the Human Rights Work of the United Nations -- V. Challenges Based on Religion and Culture -- VI. The Challenges of Globalization -- G. The Convention in the Twenty-first Century -- Preamble -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Priparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Structure of the Preamble -- II. Contents of the Preamble Paragraphs -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- I. Background -- II. Concepts of Equality and Discrimination -- 1. Formal Equality -- 2. Substantive Equality -- 3. Transformative Equality -- 4. Equality of Opportunity -- 5. Equality of Result or Equality of Outcome -- III. Comparison with Corresponding Articles in Other Human Rights Instruments -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Analysis of the Text -- 1. Any Distinction, Exclusion or Restriction Made on the Basis of [Sex]' -- 2. `Sex, Gender and Sexuality' -- 3. `Which has the Effect or Purpose of' -- 4. `Impairing or Nullifying the Recognition, Enjoyment or Exercise by Women' -- 5. `Irrespective of Their Marital Status' -- 6. `On a Basis of Equality of Men and Women' -- 7. `Of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the Political, Economic, Social, Cultural, Civil or any Other Field' -- II. Interpretation by the Committee -- 1. General Approach -- 2. Sex and Gender -- 3. Sexuality/Sexual Orientation -- 4. Concepts of Equality -- a). Formal and Substantive Equality -- b). De Jure and De Facto Equality -- c). Direct and Indirect Discrimination -- d). Equality of Opportunity/Equality of Outcome or Result -- e). Equality and Equity -- 5. Relationship between Article 1 and Article 4 -- 6. Rights and Freedoms to Which the Convention Applies -- a). Broader Application: Violence against Women -- 7. Intersectionality -- D. Reservations -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Chapeau -- 1. `States Parties Condemn Discrimination against Women in all its Forms' -- 2. `Agree to Pursue by all Appropriate Means and Without Delay a Policy of Eliminating Discrimination against Women' -- 3. `All Appropriate Means'/'(All) Appropriate Measures' -- 4. `And, to this End, Undertake' -- II. Article 2(a) -- 1. Direct Incorporation of the Convention into Domestic Law -- 2. And to Ensure, Through Law and Other Appropriate Means, the Practical Realization of this Principle' -- III. Article 2(b) -- IV. Article 2(c) -- V. Article 2(d) -- VI. Article 2(e) -- VII. Article 2(f) -- VIII. Article 2(g) -- D. Other Issues of Application -- I. Federal States/States with Decentralized or Devolved Governance Arrangements -- II. Territorial Application of the Convention -- III. Extraterritorial Application of the Convention -- IV. Conduct of States Parties as Participants in International Organizations -- V. Ratification of Other Instruments -- E. Reservations -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. `States Parties Shall Take in All Fields' -- II. `In Particular in Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Fields' -- III. All Appropriate Measures' -- IV. `Including Legislation' -- V. To Ensure the Full Development and Advancement of Women' -- VI. `For the Purpose of Guaranteeing them the Exercise and Enjoyment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms' -- VII. `On a Basis of Equality with Men' -- D. Equality in Context -- I. Formal, Substantive, and Transformative Equality -- E. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Implementation: Respect, Protect, Promote and Fulfil -- 1. Obligation to Respect -- 2. Obligation to Protect -- 3. Obligation to Promote and Fulfil -- F. Conclusions -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- I. Background -- II. Conceptual Framework of Article 4 -- 1. Special Measures are Integral to De Facto Equality -- 2. Protecting Maternity is Integral to Development and Sustainability -- 3. `Special' -- 4. Mandatory Nature -- 5. Financing of Special Measures -- 6. Time Scale -- III. Comparison to Corresponding Articles in Other Human Rights Instruments -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation-Article 4(1) -- I. Promotional Equality -- 1. Accelerating De Facto Equality -- 2. `Special Measures' -- 3. Special Measures Are Not Discriminatory -- 4. Systemization of TSMs in Different Contexts -- 5. Temporary -- II. Issues of Policy -- 1. Merit -- 2. Target Beneficiaries -- 3. Burden on Third Parties -- III. Areas of Application -- 1. Scope of Promotional Special Measures -- 2. Intersectionality -- D. Issues of Interpretation-Article 4(2) -- I. Maternity -- 1. Procreation-Biological Difference -- 2. Childrearing -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- I. The Place and Function of Article 5 in the Convention -- I. Gender Stereotypes and Fixed Parental Gender Roles -- 2. The Place of Article 5 in the Convention -- 3. Transformative Equality and Structural Discrimination -- 4. The Relationship between Article 5 and Discrimination against Women -- 5. Equality, Dignity, and Diversity -- II. Gender Stereotypes and Fixed Parental Gender Roles -- 1. Ideas about the Inferiority or Superiority of either of the Sexes -- 2. Gender and Gender Stereotypes -- 3. Fixed Parental Gender Roles -- 4. The Persistence of Gender Stereotypes -- 5. Gender Stereotypes and Intersectional Discrimination -- III. The Concept of Culture in the Context of Article 5 -- IV. Related Provisions in Other Human Rights Documents -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- I. The Basis for the Article -- II. Developments during the Drafting Process -- C. The Committee's Interpretation of Article 5 -- I. References in Committee Documents -- II. Article 5 in Relation to the Prohibition of Discrimination against Women -- 1. Direct Discrimination -- 2. Indirect Discrimination -- 3. Structural Discrimination -- III. The Committee's Approach to Culture -- 1. The Committee's Response to Cultural Essentialism -- 2. Cultural Practices and Beliefs under the Scope of Article 5 -- a). Traditional Harmful Practices and Beliefs -- b). Machismo -- c). Protective Maternity Laws -- d). Breadwinner Models and Sharing Responsibilities within the Family -- e). Gender Stereotyping in Education and the Media -- 3. Culture and Religion Cannot Justify Discrimination against Women -- D. Issues of Implementation -- I. The Nature of the Obligations under Article 5 -- 1. All Appropriate Measures to Modify Patterns of Conduct and to Ensure Education -- 2. Measures to Modify Stereotyped Representations of Women in Educational Materials, in Advertising, and in the Media -- a). The State Party's Obligation to Change Stereotypes -- b). The State Party's Obligation to Intervene in Public Expressions of Gender Stereotypes -- 3. Measures to Eliminate Structural Discrimination and to Promote the Sharing of Family Responsibilities -- a). Revealing Structural Discrimination -- b). Abolishing and Amending Laws and Policies that Sustain Structural Discrimination -- c). Adopting New Laws and Public Policies -- 4. Temporary Special Measures to Implement Article 5 -- II. The Extent of the Obligations -- 1. Immediate or Gradual Implementation -- 2. Public and Private Life -- 3. Justiciability -- 4. Reservations -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- I. Historical Context and Main Concepts -- II. Role of the Convention -- III. CEDAW Committee Practice -- 1. Concluding Observations -- 2. General Recommendations -- 3. Optional Protocol -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- I. Article 6 Placement and Brevity -- II. Scope of Subject Matter -- 1. All Forms of Traffic' -- 2. `Exploitation of Prostitution' -- 3. Other Harms -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. `All Forms of Traffic' -- II. `Exploitation of Prostitution' -- D. Equality in Context -- I. Formal and Substantive Equality -- II. Transformative Equality -- III. Direct and Indirect Discrimination -- IV. Intersectional Discrimination

Note continued: E. States Parties' Obligation -- I. Nature of the Obligation -- 1. All Appropriate Measures' -- 2. Immediate Implementation -- 3. Specific and Non-specific Obligations -- II. Implementation -- 1. Obligation to Respect -- a). No Prosecution of Trafficked Women for Status Offences -- b). No Routine Detention of Trafficked Women -- c). Respect for Established Rights -- d). Trafficked Women's and Girls' Citizenship and Nationality Rights -- e). Discrimination against Prostitutes -- f). Prompt and Accurate Identification of Trafficked Women -- 2. Obligation to Protect -- a). Criminal Justice Responses to End Impunity -- b). Protection and Support for Victims -- c). Legal Assistance, Protection, and Temporary Residence Permits -- d). Safe and Preferably Voluntary Return and Options for Residency in Appropriate Cases -- e). Safe, Fair, and Equal Labour Migration Opportunities -- f). Special Protective and Punitive Measures in Conflict Contexts -- g). Special Protection for Girl Victims of Trafficking -- 3. Obligation to Fulfil -- a). Access to Remedies -- b). Data Collection -- c). Addressing Demand as a Root Cause of Trafficking -- d). Promoting Trafficking Awareness in All Sectors of Society -- e). Structural Remedies to Address the Causes of Trafficking and Exploitation of Prostitution -- f). Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation -- g). Cooperation with Civil Society in the Design and Implementation of Anti-Trafficking Interventions -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Chapeau -- 1. Political and Public Life of the Country -- II. Article 7(a) -- 1. Political System -- 2. Choice of Electoral System -- III. Article 7(b) -- 1. Government Policy -- 2. Public Office and Public Functions -- 3. Women in the Military -- 4. Privatization -- 5. Women's Access to Traditional Forms of Power -- 6. Women in Post-conflict Reconstruction -- IV. Article 7(c) -- 1. Non-governmental Organizations -- 2. Associations Concerned with Political and Public Life -- 3. Women in Political Parties -- 4. Women in Trade Unions -- 5. Fair Representation on Corporate Boards -- D. Equality in Context -- I. Formal Equality -- II. Substantive Equality -- III. Transformative Equality Including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping -- IV. Direct vs Indirect Discrimination -- V. Intersectional Discrimination -- E. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Nature of the Obligations -- 1. All Appropriate Measures' including the Need for the Application of TSMs -- a). Types of TSMs in Political and Public Life -- 2. Immediate vs Gradual Implementation -- II. Implementation -- 1. Obligation to Respect -- 2. Obligation to Protect -- 3. Obligation to Fulfil -- III. Justiciability -- IV. Reservations -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Opportunity to Represent their Governments at the International Level -- II. Opportunity to Participate in the Work of International Organizations -- III. Specifications of Article 8 in International Organizations -- IV. International Civil Service -- V. Women in Conflict Resolution, Peace-keeping, and Peace-building Missions -- D. Equality in Context -- I. Formal Equality -- II. Substantive Equality -- III. Transformative Equality including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping -- IV. Direct vs Indirect Discrimination -- V. Intersectional Discrimination -- E. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Nature of the Obligations -- 1. All Appropriate Measures' -- 2. Need for the Application of TSMs -- 3. Immediate vs Gradual Implementation -- II. Implementation -- 1. Obligation to Respect -- 2. Obligation to Protect -- 3. Obligation to Fulfil -- III. Justiciability -- IV. Reservations -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Article 9(1) Equality and Non-discrimination in Respect of Women's Nationality -- 1. Eliminating the Concept of Dependent Nationality -- II. Article 9(2) Equality with Respect to the Nationality of Children -- III. The Right to a Passport and Article 9 -- D. Equality in Context -- I. Formal Equality -- II. Substantive Equality -- III. Intersectional Discrimination -- E. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Nature of the Obligations -- II. Implementation -- 1. Obligation to Respect and Protect -- 2. Obligation to Fulfil -- III. Reservations -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- I. Education as a Human Right: International and Regional Perspectives -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- I. Article 10(a) -- II. Article 10(b) -- III. Article 10(c) -- IV. Article 10(f) -- V. Article 10(g) -- VI. Article 10(h) -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Taking All Appropriate Measures -- II. Equality -- 1. Article 10(a) -- 2. Article 10(b) -- 3. Article 10(c) -- a). Encouraging Coeducation -- 4. Article 10(d) -- 5. Article 10(e) -- 6. Article 10(f) -- 7. Article 10(g) -- 8. Article 10(h) -- D. Equality in Context -- I. Formal Equality -- II. Moving Beyond Formal Equality -- III. Substantive Equality -- IV. Transformative Equality -- V. Direct Discrimination -- VI. Indirect Discrimination -- VII. Temporary Special Measures (TSMs) -- VIII. Intersectional Discrimination -- E. States Parties' Obligations -- I. The Nature of State Obligations -- II. Implementation -- 1. Obligation to Respect -- 2. Obligation to Protect -- 3. Obligation to Fulfil -- III. Reservations -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- I. ILO and Other UN Agencies -- II. Beijing Platform for Action -- III. Millennium Development Goals -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- I. Differing Perspectives in Western, Socialist, and Developing Economies -- II. Reproductive Function -- III. Family Responsibilities -- IV. Costs of Maternity Protections and Social Services -- V. Pensionable Age and Part-time Work -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Concepts -- II. Article 11(1) -- III. Article 11(1)(a) -- 1. Inalienability and Cultural Restrictions on Women's Right to Work -- 2. Realization of Full Employment -- 3. Availability and Accessibility of Decent Work -- IV. Article 11(1)(b) -- 1. Employment Opportunities -- 2. Selection for Employment -- V. Article 11(1)(c) -- 1. Free Choice of Profession and Employment -- 2. Equal Treatment in Employment Conditions -- 3. Sexual Harassment -- 4. Vocational Training, Retraining, and Recurrent Training -- 5. Part-time Work -- VI. Article 11(1)(d) -- VII. Article 11(1)(e) -- 1. Coverage of Social Security Schemes -- 2. Retirement -- 3. Paid Leave -- VIII. Article 11(1)(f) -- 1. Safe and Healthy Working Conditions -- 2. Safeguarding of the Function of Reproduction -- 3. Sexual Violence in the Work Environment -- IX. Article 11(2) -- X. Article 11(2)(a) -- 1. Prohibition of Dismissal -- 2. Discrimination in Conditions of Employment and in Acceptance to Employment -- XI. Article 11(2)(b) -- 1. Right to Leave -- 2. With Pay or Comparable Social Benefits -- 3. Protection of Employment Status -- XII. Article 11(2)(c) -- 1. Affordable and Accessible Child Care Facilities -- 2. Encourage or Provide -- XIII. Article 11(2)(d) -- XIV. Article 11(3) -- D. Equality in Context -- I. Formal and Substantive Equality -- II. Direct and Indirect Discrimination -- III. Elimination of Structural Discrimination Including Gender Stereotyping -- IV. Transformative Equality -- V. Intersectional Discrimination -- E. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Nature of the Prohibition of Discrimination -- 1. All Appropriate Measures', Including the Need for Application of TSMs -- 2. Immediate or Gradual Implementation -- II. Implementation -- III. Reservations -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Health and its Sex and Gender Dimensions -- II. The Field of Health Care -- III. Access to Health Care Services -- IV. Reproductive and Sexual Health Services -- D. Equality in Context -- I. Formal Equality -- II. Substantive Equality -- III. Transformative Equality -- IV. Direct vs Indirect Discrimination -- V. Intersectional Discrimination -- VI. Temporary Special Measures (TSMs) -- E. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Nature of the obligations -- 1. All Appropriate Measures' -- 2. Immediate vs Gradual Implementation -- 3. Specific/Non-specific -- II. Implementation -- 1. Obligation to Respect -- 2. Obligation to Protect -- 3. Obligation to Fulfil -- III. Reservations -- F. Conclusion -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Chapeau -- 1. `To Eliminate Discrimination' ... in Order to Ensure ... the Same Rights' -- 2. `In Other Areas of Economic and Social Life' -- a). Economic and Social Rights not Protected by other CEDAW Provisions -- b). Civil and Political Rights Necessary for Participating in Economic and Social Life 340 -- c). Access to Resources and Opportunities in Social and Economic Life -- d). Conclusion: Scope of Application of the Chapeau -- aa) Right to Self-employed Economic Activities -- bb) Right to Food -- cc) Right to Adequate Housing -- dd) Right to an Adequate Standard of Living -- ee) Right to Water -- if) Right to Sanitation

Note continued: gg) Tax Laws -- hh) Right to Participate in Social Life -- ii) Right to Communication in Economic and Social Life' -- II. Article 13(a): The Equal Right to Family Benefits -- 1. Concepts -- 2. Equality in Context -- III. Article 13(b): The Equal Right to Bank Loans, Mortgages, and Other Forms of Financial Credit -- 1. Concepts -- 2. Equality in Context -- IV. Article 13(c): The Equal Right to Participate in Recreational Activities, Sports, and all Aspects of Cultural Life -- 1. Concepts -- 2. Equality in Context -- D. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Nature of the Obligation -- II. Implementation -- Respect, Protect, and Fulfil -- III. Reservations -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- I. Who is a Rural Woman? -- II. Rural Women: From Development to Rights -- III. Rural Women within UN Structures -- B. Travaux Priparatoires -- I. Other Issues Discussed and Amendments Made -- 1. Coverage -- 2. Equality -- 3. Health and Family Planning -- 4. Education -- 5. Self-help Groups and Cooperatives -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Article, 14(1) -- 1. Significant Roles Which Rural Women Play in the Economic Survival of their Families -- II. Article 14(2) -- 1. Participation -- 2. Article 14(2)(a) -- 3. Article 14(2)(b) -- 4. Accessing Information -- 5. Article 14(2)(c) -- 6. Article 14(2)(d) -- 7. Article 14(2)(e) -- 8. Article 14(2)(f) -- 9. Article 14(2)(g) -- a). Appropriate Technology -- b). Equal Treatment in Land -- c). Land Reform and Resettlement -- 10. Article 14(2)(h) -- a). Housing -- b). Water -- c). Electricity, Communication, and Transport -- D. Equality in Context -- I. Formal Equality -- II. Substantive Equality -- III. Transformative Equality -- IV. Direct Discrimination -- V. Indirect Discrimination -- VI. Intersectionality -- VII. Temporary Special Measures (TSMs) -- E. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Obligation to Respect -- II. Obligation to Protect -- III. Obligation to Fulfil -- F. Reservations -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- I. Article 15(1) -- II. Article 15(2) -- III. Article 15(3) -- IV. Article 15(4) -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Article 15(1) -- 1. Equality and Administration of Criminal Justice -- II. Article 15(2) -- 1. Identical Legal Capacity -- 2. Equality in Contractual and Property Transactions -- 3. Equality in Access to Procedures in Civil Courts and Tribunals -- III. Article 15(3) -- IV. Article 15(4) -- D. Equality in Context -- I. Formal Equality -- II. Substantive Equality -- III. Transformative Equality Including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping -- IV. Intersectional Discrimination -- E. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Nature of the obligation -- II. Implementation -- III. Reservations -- F. Conclusion -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- I. Preliminary History -- II. Travaux Preparatoires -- III. General Recommendation 21 -- B. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Chapeau -- 1. All Appropriate Measures... and in Particular' -- 2. The `Same Rights and Responsibilities' -- 3. `Marriage and Family Relations' -- 4. De Facto Relationships -- 5. Unregistered Marriages as De Facto Unions -- 6. 7. Equality in the Family and Multiple Legal Systems -- II. Article 16(1) -- 1. Article 16(1)(a) The Same Right to Enter into Marriage -- 2. Article 16(1)(b) The Same Right Freely to Choose a Spouse and to Enter into Marriage only with their Free and Full Consent -- a). Arranged Marriage and Forced Marriage -- 3. Article 16(1)(c) The Same Rights and Responsibilities During Marriage and at its Dissolution -- a). During Marriage -- b). Dissolution of Marriage -- aa) Grounds for Divorce -- bb) Process and Procedure -- 4. Article 16(1)(d) The Same Rights and Responsibilities as Parents, Irrespective of their Marital Status, in Matters Relating to their Children; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount -- a). Child Custody in Divorce: In all Such Cases, the Interest of the Children Shall Be Paramount -- b). Children Born Out of Wedlock -- 5. Article 16(1)(e) The Same Rights to Decide Freely and -- Responsibly on the Number and Spacing of their Children and to Have Access to the Information, Education, and Means to Enable them to Exercise these Rights -- 6. Article 16(1)(f) The Same Rights and Responsibilities -- With Regard to Guardianship, Wardship, Trusteeship, and Adoption of Children, or Similar Institutions Where these Concepts Exist in National Legislation; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount -- 7. Article 16(1)(g) The Same Personal Rights as Husband and Wife, Including the Right to Choose a Family Name, a Profession, and an Occupation -- a). Right to Choose a Family Name -- b). Right to Choose a Profession and an Occupation -- 8. Article 16(1)(h) The Same Rights for Both Spouses in Respect of the Ownership, Acquisition, Management, Administration, Enjoyment, and Disposition of Property, Whether Free of Charge or for a Valuable Consideration -- a). Acquisition and Ownership, Management, and Administration During the Marriage -- b). Division of Property upon Dissolution of Marriage or De Facto Relationship -- c). Inheritance -- III. Article 16(2) -- 1. Definition: `a Child' -- 2. Betrothal and Marriage of a Child -- 3. Shall Have No Legal Effect -- 4. Minimum Age for Marriage -- 5. Marriage Registration -- IV. Equality in Context -- 1. Formal Equality -- 2. Substantive and Transformative Equality -- C. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Implementation -- 1. Obligation to Respect -- 2. Obligation to Protect -- 3. Obligation to Fulfil -- II. Reservations -- 1. Withdrawal of Reservations -- 2. Reservations and the Optional Protocol -- Violence Against Women -- A. Introduction -- B. General Recommendation 19 -- 1. Background to General Recommendation 19 -- II. General Recommendation 19 -- III. Subsequent International Instruments -- C. Violence against Women: Interpretive Issues -- I. Violence against Women within an Equality Paradigm -- II. Definition of Gender-based Violence against Women -- D. Gender-Based Violence against Women: Sites and Forms -- I. Introduction -- II. Violence in the Family -- III. Violence Occurring in the Community -- 1. Physical Violence in the Community -- 2. Exploitation -- 3. Harmful Practices -- 4. Workplace Violence -- IV. Violence Condoned or Perpetrated by the State -- V. Violence in Armed Conflict -- E. Violence against Women: Equality in Context -- I. Formal, Substantive, and Transformative Equality -- II. Intersectional Discrimination -- F. States Parties' Obligations -- I. Nature of States Parties' Obligations -- 1. Appropriate and Effective Measures -- 2. Duty of Due Diligence -- 3. The Standard of Due Diligence -- II. Implementation of States Parties' Obligations -- 1. Obligation to Respect -- 2. Obligation to Protect -- 3. Obligation to Promote and Fulfil -- G. Conclusions -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Prdparatoires -- C. Internal Organization and Engagement with Other Entities -- I. Subsidiary Bodies -- II. Interaction with Other Entities in the UN System -- III. The Committee and Treaty Body Reform -- D. Committee Practice -- I. Article 17(1) -- II. Article 17(2) -- III. Practice and Developments relating to Article 17(3) and (4) -- IV. Article 17(5) -- V. Article 17(6) and 17(7) -- VI. Article 17(8) -- VII. Article 17(9) -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Committee Practice -- I. The Obligation to Submit Country Reports -- 1. Encouraging the Submission of Reports -- Avoiding Duplication in Reporting -- 2. Allowing Combined Reports -- 3. Persuading States Parties to Submit Reports -- II. Reporting Requirements -- 1. Form and Contents of Reports -- 2. NGOs and their Involvement in the Preparation of States Parties' Reports -- III. The Committee's Role -- 1. Preparing for the Dialogue with States Parties -- 2. The Constructive Dialogue -- IV. Periodic Reporting Requirements and Committee Review -- 1. Concluding Observations -- 2. Format of the Concluding Observations -- 3. Procedure for Adopting Concluding Observations -- 4. Follow-up to Concluding Observations -- V. The Role of Other Entities -- 1. Information from National Human Rights Institutions -- 2. Information from Non-Governmental Organizations -- 3. Role of the Secretariat -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Committee Practice -- I. Article 19(1) -- II. Article 19(2) -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Committee Practice -- I. `The Committee shall normally meet for a period of not more than two weeks annually...' -- II. ... in order to consider the reports submitted in accordance with article 18 of the present Convention -- III. `The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee' -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Committee Practice -- I. Article 21(1) -- I. Assessing States Parties' Reports -- 2. General Recommendations -- 3. Statements -- II. Article 21(2) -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Committee Practice -- Article ([0-9]+)

Note continued: A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Priparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Nothing in the Present Convention Shall Affect Any -- Provisions that Are More Conducive to the Achievement of Equality Between Men and Women Which May Be Contained -- 1. (a) In the Legislation of a State Party; or -- 2. (b) In Any Other International Convention, Treaty or Agreement in Force for that State -- II. Other International Law -- D. Interpretation by the Committee -- General Approach -- E. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Undertake to Adopt -- II. All Necessary Measures -- III. At the National Level -- IV. Aimed at Achieving the Full Realization -- V. Of the Rights Recognized in the Present Convention -- D. Interpretation by the Committee -- General Approach -- I. Parliaments/Legislatures -- II. National Human Rights Institutions -- E. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Practice of States Parties -- D. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Article 25(1) -- 1. Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories; Former Colonies -- a). United Kingdom -- b). The Netherlands -- c). New Zealand -- d). Hong Kong -- 2. De Facto Regimes, Non-State Subjects of International Law, and Municipalities -- a). De Facto Regimes, Including Taiwan -- b). Holy See -- c). Sao Paulo State, Brazil -- d). San Francisco, California, USA -- II. Article 25(2) -- III. Article 25(3) -- IV. Article 25(4) -- V. Absence of a Withdrawal Clause -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Prearatoires -- C. Practice of States Parties -- D. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Article 26(1) -- II. Article 26(2) -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Priparatoires -- C. Practice of States Parties -- D. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Article 27(1) -- II. Article 27(2) -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Reservations to the Convention -- I. General reservations -- II. Articles 1 to 5 -- III. Articles 7-9 -- IV. Articles 11-14 -- V. Articles 15-16 -- D. Activity to Address Reservations to the Convention -- I. Objections by States Parties -- II. Meeting of States Parties -- III. The Work of the Committee -- E. Removal and Modification of Reservations -- F. Conclusion -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Preparatoires -- C. Practice of States Parties -- D. Issues of Interpretation -- I. Article 29(1) -- II. Article 29(2) -- III. Article 29(3) -- Article ([0-9]+) -- A. Introduction -- B. Travaux Priparatoires -- C. Practice of the Secretary-General -- D. Issues of Interpretation -- Optional Protocol -- A. Introduction -- B. Background -- I. Negotiations of the Convention -- II. The Campaign for Further Monitoring Procedures -- III. The Drafting Process in the CSW -- IV. The Work of the Committee under the Optional Protocol -- C. Commentary -- I. The Preamble -- II. Article 1 -- III. Article 2 -- 1. Individuals or Groups of Individuals -- 2. Victims of a Violation -- 3. Under the Jurisdiction of the State Party -- 4. The Rights Set Forth in the Convention -- IV. Article 3 -- V. Article 4 -- 1. All Available Domestic Remedies Have Been Exhausted -- Unless the Application of Such Remedies is Unreasonably Prolonged or Unlikely to Bring Effective Relief -- 2. The Same Matter -- 3. Incompatible -- 4. Manifestly Ill-founded or Not Sufficiently Substantiated -- 5. Abuse of the Right to Submit a Communication -- 6. The Facts... Occurred Prior to the Entry into Force of the Protocol for the State Party Concerned, Unless those Facts Continued after that Date -- VI. Article 5 -- VII. Article 6 -- VIII. Article 7 -- 1. Consideration of Communications and its Outcome -- 2. Follow-up Procedure -- IX. Article 8 -- X. Article 9 -- XI. Article 10 -- XII. Article 11 -- XIII. Article 12 -- XIV. Article 13 -- XV. Article 14 -- XVI. Article 15 -- XVII. Article 16 -- XVIII. Article 17 -- XIX. Article 18 -- XX. Article 19 -- XXI. Article 20 -- XXII. Article 21 -- Annexe 1 Table of General Recommendations -- Annexe 2 Table of Treaties -- Annexe 3 Bibliography.